These descriptions are for illustrative
purposes only; not a PhD chemical dissertation
Be cognizant that a paint
system is porous, so whatever you use will permeate the paint system matrix and
that each time moisture and heat (reactivity) are added they re-activate the
acid.
What is pH and what does it mean?
Any solution with a water
base has a pH measurement. Simply put the potential of hydrogen (pH) scale is a
set of numbers between 0 and 14 where 0 is the most acidic and 14 is the most
alkaline (caustic) with 7 in the middle, being neutral. Conceptually, since
most people in our industry are interested in the acid side of the system, the
smaller the number, and the more acidic the system.
Conversely a strong
alkaline can be as corrosive as an acid
Unfortunately the scale is
logarithmic, for every integer that the scale decreases the material is 10
times stronger. Those of us in earthquake country know all too well the
consequences of a change of from 6 to 7 on the logarithmic, Richter scale. The
difference in the pH scale is just as dramatic and therefore just as
misleading.
Acids, Bases, and pH
There are several ways to
define acids and bases, but pH only refers to hydrogen ion concentration and is
only meaningful when applied to aqueous (water-based) solutions. When water
dissociates it yields a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide.
Pure water is said to be
neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at 25. °C (77. °F) Solutions with a pH less
than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are said to
be basic or alkaline.
Using Acids
See also Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
The lack of knowledge about
chemicals exposes a system where environmental regulators largely rely on
companies that profit from industrial chemicals to sound alarms about their
safety. Questions about potential effects on human health and the environment often
aren't raised until years after a chemical is introduced to the marketplace.
The paint used for modern
clear coats is porous, which means an acid will permeate the paint matrix. If
it is not neutralized with an alkaline it will be subject to reactivity every
time moisture and heat come in contact with the surface
Material data sheets (MSDS)
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
is required under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard. The MSDS is a
detailed informational document prepared by the manufacturer or importer of a
hazardous chemical. It describes the
physical and chemical properties of the product. MSDS’s contain useful
information such as flash point, toxicity, procedures for spills and leaks, and
storage guidelines.
Information included in a
Material Safety Data Sheet aids in the selection of safe products, helps you
understand the potential health and physical hazards of a chemical and
describes how to respond effectively to exposure situations. Although there is
an effort currently underway to standardize MSDS’s the quality of individual
MSDS’s vary. A MSDS may be useful but it cannot substitute for prudent
practices and comprehensive risk management.
An MSDS should be available for
every chemical you use. Read these and follow the recommendations for safe use
and disposal of the material. The target audience for information in a MSDS is
the occupation worker who may be exposed to chemicals at work. However, much of
the information is also relevant to consumers.
Read the manufacturers
application instructions and then obtain and read the MSDS sheet to ascertain
the chemicals used. Although it should be said that an MSDS is a document that
contains details of the hazards associated with a particular chemical and
provides information regarding its safe use.
The MSDS is required to state the
chemical's risks, safety and impact on the environment.
An MSDS is a fact sheet developed
by manufacturers describing the chemical properties of a product. Material
Safety Data Sheets include brand-specific information such as physical data
(solid, liquid, colour, melting point, flash point, etc.), health effects,
first aid, reactivity, storage, handling, disposal, personal protection and
spill/leak procedures.
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
Each CAS
registry number (often referred to as CAS #) is a unique numeric identifier
that designates only one substance; it has no specific chemical significance,
but is a link to a wealth of information about a specific chemical substance.
Since CAS
Registry Numbers are not dependent upon any system of chemical nomenclature,
they can provide a reliable common link between the various nomenclatures terms
used to describe substances. And serve as an international resource for
chemical substance identifiers used by scientists, industry, and regulatory
bodies
Notes:
1.
It is
important to read and understand the MSDS, process specification, and technical
data sheet before working with these products.
2.
Acid
or highly alkaline wheel cleaner can prematurely age and damage calliper rubber
seals
3.
Cleaners
that are formulated with acid or a high alkali should not be used if the
surface is compromised as it will permeate the surface and cause the l finish
to fail and may also cause structural failure
4.
Permanent
damage can result from the incorrect use of acid-based cleaners
Neutralised Acid Salt
Bases usually have an OH, Acids
usually have an H, H+ OH form H2O the leftovers of the reactants
form a salt. pH is the concentration of H ions in the solution. As the acid
gets neutralized, more of the H ions combine with OH and form water lowering
the H concentration and pH
Neutralization is the reaction
between an acid and a base, producing a salt and neutralized base; common
examples include acetic acid and sulphuric acid. This is the formulation used
for a number of wheel surface ferrous removal cleaners (Ferrex, Sonax, IronX, and etc.)
Used for the removal of
sintered metal particulates, this product is the best of both worlds; the
cleaning power of an acid wheel cleaner with a (safe) pH of 7.5 by using a
neutralised acid salt; neutralization is the reaction between an acid and a
base (alkaline) producing a salt and neutralized base.
Common examples include
acetic acid and sulphuric acid, using moisture as a catalyst it causes an
exothermic chemical reaction, loosening the sintered metal particles and forms a
miscible emulsion that can be rinsed away. It starts off green, then red and
then to blood red. Leave it to remain in place for a minute, agitate and rinse
off.
Chemical Cleaning and Acid Neutralization
The ValuGard Neutralization
System is the most recognized and approved chemical neutralization system in
the industry. In fact, major auto
manufactures have issued technical service bulletins/advisories directing their
dealers and port operations to use the ValuGard System for required repairs and
pre-treatment for acid rain and industrial fallout repairs. Safe for both the user and the environment,
the ValuGard Neutralization System is VOC compliant
Vehicle manufacturer studies
have shown that failure to remove environmental contaminants (like imbedded
rail dust, acid rain, industrial fallout and other environmental contaminants)
from paint film can cause premature degradation of the paint system. While clay
products are useful for overspray, they cannot deep clean the surface and pores
of the paint. This can only be accomplished through a thorough chemical
cleaning and acid neutralization.
In fact, major auto
manufactures have issued technical service bulletins/advisories directing their
dealers and port operations to use the ValuGard Decontamination System for
required repairs and pre-treatment for acid rain and industrial fallout
repairs, safe for both the user and the environment.
Auto International’s Paint
Neutralization System -a three step neutralization and wash
system formulated to remove industrial fallout, rail dust, hard water deposits,
acid rain residue and other forms of pollutants.
Benefits:
Leaves paint surface uncontaminated for application of wax, polish or sealant.
Allows for correct repair of superficial paint damage, reduces buff time on
pre-owned vehicles.
Signs of Paint Surface Contamination-
•
Dark coloured specks
•
Brown or Orange (rust) coloured stains or specks
•
Yellow stains
•
Small metal coloured flecks
•
Rough texture
•
‘Water spots’ or marks
•
Surface etching
•
Oxidation
•
Paint ‘stains’
Ammonium Hydrogen Fluoride
Other names:
Ammonium bifluoride - NH4HF2 (ABF) Ammonium hydro fluoride, Ammonium acid
fluoride
[: Ammonium hydrogen fluoride is the inorganic compound with the
formula NH4HF2. It is produced from ammonia and
hydrogen fluoride]
One of the most common, and
potentially dangerous, wheel cleaners; its effectiveness removing brake dust
and difficult contaminants from chrome wheels is undisputed, but some chemists
say ABF presents an unjustifiable and potentially lethal risk to carwash
operators and their employees.
Industry experts say that
the dangers of ABF are clearly outlined on the chemical's Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS), and many consciously ignore the obvious risks because ABF is cost
effective and reliable.
However, some manufacturers and operators worry that
Ammonium bifluoride (ABF) is being marketed as a safe alternative to
highly-corrosive Hydrofluoric acid (HF), even though the two chemicals pose
nearly identical health risks. Experts say that some operators have been lead
to believe that ABF is up to 20 times safer than HF and that this
misinformation may be causing a time bomb at hundreds of
Hydrofluoric acid (Hydrogen
Chloride)
Historically
called muriatic acid or spirits of salt that is a solution of
hydrogen fluoride in water, it is corrosive, meaning it will have a detrimental
(and sometimes unrecoverable effect on surfaces it’s applied too) and it is
also highly poisonous. The application instructions usually state- ‘apply, but
do not allow product to remain on the surface for more than 30 seconds before
removal with a strong stream of water’.
Skin contact with
concentrated hydrofluoric acid or inhalation of its vapour has caused many
serious injuries, even death. Concentrated solutions of hydrofluoric acid pass
quickly through the skin and cause deep, painful burns. Dilute solutions also penetrate the skin, but
it does not give the immediate burning sensation caused by the concentrated
form of the acid, a user may tend to be less aware of the contact with the
acid.
There are specific ordinance
to enforce Hydrofluoric acid hazard spill control / exposure and treatment
methods and specific materials, most of which are just not going to be in the
enthusiast or even mobile detailer's toolkit, non-compliance can result in
heavy penalties.
It also has the unique
ability to dissolve almost all inorganic oxides. In the human body,
hydrofluoric acid reacts with calcium and damages nerves, bone, and several
organs including the heart and kidneys –
Hydrofluoric acid - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid
Hydrofluoric
Acid Burns,
by Garry Wilkes, MBBS, FACEM, Director of Emergency
Medicine - http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/773304-overview
Chemists say it's the
Fluoride ions in HF and ABF (NH (4) F) that make many wheel
cleaners and pre-soaks so potentially dangerous. Whether fluoride ions enter
body tissues as the result of inhalation or skin contact, they cause deep,
progressive burning that may quickly lead to multi-organ failure and death.
Long-term exposure to even minimal amounts of ABF can lead to brittle bones,
weight loss, anaemia, and calcified ligaments
Fluorine (F2) is a poisonous
pale yellow gaseous element found in Group VII b (i.e. the Halogen Group of
elements) of the periodic table. Fluorine is the most reactive element known.
It reacts violently with water liberating oxygen and forming hydrofluoric acid
(HF). Fluorine even reacts with some of the normally inert noble gases such as
Krypton and Xenon.
Muriatic (Hydrochloric) Acid
Muriatic
(Hydrochloric) acid is the solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water. It is
a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid and has major industrial uses i.e.
cleaning algae and other stains from concrete and cleaning brickwork).
Historically called muriatic acid or spirits of salt, hydrochloric acid was
produced from vitriol and common salt.
Further relevant information
Technology
Transfer Network - Air Toxics Web Site http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/hydrochl.html
Notes
1.
The
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rates and regulates
hydrochloric acid as a toxic substance.
2.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) such as
rubber or PVC gloves, protective eye goggles, and chemical-resistant clothing
and shoes are used to minimize risks when handling hydrochloric acid
3.
The
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) also recommend employers
provide a series of gels, injections and pills to combat fluoride poisoning.
If these precautions sound extreme,
think again. Lethal doses of ABF and HF are estimated between one teaspoon and
one ounce. A fluoride burn covering less than two percent of the body can be
fatal."
Meguiar's
D140 Wheel Brightener
is a strong acid, formulated with Ammonium bifluoride- SiO2 (ABF)
and Quaternary ammonium salts are used as phase transfer catalysts for
reactions involving immiscible solvent systems, such as the synthesis of
dichlorocarbene with chloroform and sodium hydroxide. The addition of a
molecule of water to a chemical compound, without forming any other products is
known as hydration (i.e. dilution causes the pH to decrease)
But since pH is not a very
good indicator of the strength of the acid in every system, this approach won't
always produce the desired results. Original pH of Meguiar's
Wheel Brightener = 5.06
Dilution Resultant (increase the acidity)
Ratio pH
(1:2) 4.75
(1:4) 4.5 (as
recommended by Meguiar's)
(1:10) 4.25
(1:15) 4.0
This product requires
certain safety measures be taken; eye protection, respirator and gloves. You should
only apply to cool wheels (or it will become a strong vapour, you’ll also need
to wet down cement as it can stain it.)
Do not use this product if
the clear coat on your wheel has been compromised by rock chips, hitting a curb
etc. as it could permeate the clear coat (or polished wheel surface) fogging or
permanently staining the surface. For these reasons Meguiar's markets this
product to professionals (The statement made by Meguiar's is that it’s a
‘Professional Product’ whatever that means, as it can be purchased by anyone)
After reading this
information, you may want to run the other way from products such as these.
Wheel acids can still be used safely if certain precautions are taken. The
first thing I look for is a product that does not have a large concentration
level of any kind of acid. If the concentration level of HF even approaches
10%, I look for something else where the level is more in the 5% or less range.
Sulphuric acids should be in the 10% or less range.
This automatically makes the
product less aggressive to start. I also look for the pH level to be as high as
possible. I don’t want anything less than a pH of 2.0 in any product I
purchase. Remember, the more the number creeps toward the middle, or 7 on the
pH scale, the more neutral it becomes, and the safer it is both for you and the
metal surface
Notes
1.
The
wheel surface stains left from using a strong acid-based cleaner should be
wet-sanded and then polished; this will lighten the stains but not totally
remove them.
2.
There
is a thin line between effective cleaning and dangerous to use products; so
before using any chemicals or solvents carefully read all of the cautions and
medical information on the products container and / or MSDS.
3.
Always
follow all of the manufacturer’s recommendations. Ensure that you wear eye
protection and acid-proof gloves; this is mandatory. No matter how safe an
acidic product is advertised, never run the risk of it splashing in your eye or
permeating your skin.
4.
Use a
product that has a low acid concentration level (i.e. Sulphuric, Phosphoric and
Nitric acid. 10%, or less) with as low a pH level as you can find, this
constitute a less aggressive product. Oxalic acid is relatively safer and yet
still very effective to use on most wheels.
A wheel cleaner containing Oxalic acid
is far safer yet still very effective to use on most wheels. It will do a far ‘better
job than high alkaline cleaners, yet is nowhere near as harmful to the vehicle
or yourself
5.
Acid
is highly corrosive; the skull and crossbones warning on an acid label is there
for a reason; acids will etch or erode anything in its path, they are also very
effective in dissolving metals and etching glass.
6.
The
dilution of an acid doesn't make it safer as the addition of a molecule of
water to a chemical compound, without forming any other products is known as
Hydration (it leaves the non-water component intact) dilution has no effect on
the pH) But since pH is not a very good indicator of the strength of the acid
in every system, this approach won't always produce the desired results.
7.
We
typically talk about acid-base reactions in aqueous-phase environments; that
is, in the presence of water. The most fundamental acid-base reaction is the dissociation
of water (breaking down of a compound into its components to form ions from an
ionic substance)
8.
A
cleaner formulated with Oxalic acid is a safer yet still very effective
cleaning chemical. It will do a better job than alkaline cleaners, but is nowhere
near as harmful to the vehicle or yourself. Oxalic acid is a relatively strong
"weak acid" Oxalic acid exhibits many of the reactions characteristic
of other carboxylic acids, it’s a relatively strong organic acid, being about
10,000 times stronger than acetic acid (Vinegar pH 2).This acid still needs to
be handled with care and diluted correctly, but it’s safer than Hydrofluoric
acid yet a very effective alternative.
9.
Do
not confuse hydrochloric acid (HCL) with hydrofluoric (HF, has a pH of 3.14) acid
because of the similarity of names. On the skin, hydrochloric acid burns from
the outside in. Hydrofluoric acid solution readily penetrates the skin and
burns both skin and deeper tissues. If enough acid is absorbed, it may lethally
affect the heart and nervous system.
10.
Ammonium
hydrogen fluoride NH4HF2 (or Ammonium bifluoride SiO2(ABF) is miss-classified
as the safe alternative to hydrogen fluoride, once mixed with water it becomes
hydrogen fluoride one of the most common, and dangerous, acid wheel cleaners
used in automatic car washes today. Its effectiveness removing brake dust and
difficult contaminants from wheels is undisputed, but most chemists say
Ammonium bifluoride presents an unjustifiable and potentially lethal risk.
11.
Always
check the products MSDS and its pH value before you use it. It is always
preferable that you use a 100% acid-free product with a pH of 7.5 – 8.0
Neutralization of acids and bases
Sodium bicarbonate or sodium
hydrogen carbonate is the chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3Many
laboratories keep a bottle of sodium bicarbonate powder within easy reach,
because sodium bicarbonate is amphoteric, reacting with acids and bases.
Furthermore, as it is relatively innocuous in most situations, there is no harm
in using excess sodium bicarbonate.
Mix a small amount, about
half a cup of sodium bicarbonate and a little water to make a fairly thick
paste; spread it on the affected surface working it around well and let it sit
for 0.5 – 0.75 hour, remove, rinse and dry.
I hope this article has given you some insight into the hundreds
of chemical products the auto detailing industry has available. Good detailing
requires a little knowledge of chemistry and to this end I hope I have provided
you with enough information to understand at least the basics of cleaning and
detailing using chemicals.
Alternative
products –
Europe's famous automakers; BMW,
Mercedes, Porsche, Audi, VW and Volvo all
use and recommend P21S® Wheel Cleaners to remove brake dust and
road grime from their alloy wheels Developed in 1976 by a German chemist, P21S
is a safe, pH-controlled, and non-acid, non-lye based detergent that provides
terrific cleaning and guarantees not to damage any type of wheel: painted,
clear-coated, polished or anodized.
Material data sheets (MSDS)
Be aware of dangerous ingredients
and request Materials Safety and Data Sheets (MSDS) from the manufacturer if
there is any question.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
is required under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard. The MSDS is a
detailed informational document prepared by the manufacturer or importer of a
hazardous chemical. It describes the
physical and chemical properties of the product. MSDS’s contain useful
information such as flash point, toxicity, procedures for spills and leaks, and
storage guidelines.
Information included in a
Material Safety Data Sheet aids in the selection of safe products, helps you
understand the potential health and physical hazards of a chemical and
describes how to respond effectively to exposure situations. Although there is
an effort currently underway to standardize MSDS’s the quality of individual
MSDS’s vary. A MSDS may be useful but it cannot substitute for prudent practices
and comprehensive risk management.
An MSDS should be available for
every chemical you use. Read these and follow the recommendations for safe use
and disposal of the material. The target audience for information in a MSDS is
the occupation worker who may be exposed to chemicals at work. However, much of
the information is also relevant to consumers.
Read the manufacturers
application instructions and then obtain and read the MSDS sheet to ascertain
the chemicals used. Although it should be said that an MSDS is a document that
contains details of the hazards associated with a particular chemical and
provides information regarding its safe use. The MSDS is required to state the
chemical's risks, safety and impact on the environment.
An MSDS is a fact sheet developed
by manufacturers describing the chemical properties of a product. Material
Safety Data Sheets include brand-specific information such as physical data
(solid, liquid, colour, melting point, flash point, etc.), health effects,
first aid, reactivity, storage, handling, disposal, personal protection and
spill/leak procedures.
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
Each CAS
registry number (often referred to as CAS #) is a unique numeric identifier
that designates only one substance; it has no specific chemical significance,
but is a link to a wealth of information about a specific chemical substance.
Since CAS Registry Numbers are not dependent upon any system of chemical
nomenclature, they can provide a reliable common link between the various
nomenclatures terms used to describe substances. And serve as an international
resource for chemical substance identifiers used by scientists, industry, and
regulatory bodies
Environmental Commitment
Contamination of surface waters
arises from the rinseate discharging to storm drains, which in turn most
commonly drain to rivers and lakes. Chief pollutants include phosphates;
cleaning chemicals (degreasers, etc.) oil and grease. This is almost
exclusively an issue for home/driveway washing. You should never assume that
aqueous solutions can be disposed of untreated via the storm drainage system.
Pending regulations are in place (Clean Water Act and Ground Water Pollution)
to limit the amount of contaminated water that is allowed to be discharged into
storm water systems (i.e. street vehicle washing)
Always dispose of all
non-biodegradable materials from your vehicle cleaning in a responsible manner.
Waste run-off must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local
environmental control regulations.
Disposal of Aqueous Solutions
One should never assume that
aqueous solutions can be disposed of down the drain. The storm drain system
takes all the water from outside homes and businesses (rain, over watering of
lawns) and sends it untreated straight to
our local creeks, rivers, bays and eventually the ocean. The storm drain system
is designed as a flood control system to allow water from heavy rainstorms to
flow quickly to our waterways to avoid flooding of our streets, homes and
businesses.
However, the rainwater can
pick up pollutants as large as shopping carts or as microscopic as pesticides
and fertilizer and flush it all into our waterways damaging the fish, plants
and other living things in our eco-system.
With few exceptions, it is illegal
for anyone to throw, dispose of or allow anything other than rainwater into the
storm drains. Try to divert car wash water to a landscaped or planted area.
Your local water treatment authority or publicly owned treatment works will
have information on treatment and disposal of these cleaners. Adjustment of pH
and dilution are usually required before disposal to a drain. Always comply with current water usage and
disposal regulations / water usage restrictions.
A car care product may be
biodegradable and environmentally safe but just remember the dirt, oil and road
grease you are cleaning with it are not, once rinsed off the vehicle paint
surface the resultant solution is no longer biodegradable and environmentally
safe
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Protection from
Potential Health Hazards
1.
Warning: Always use ground fault protection interruption
(GFPI) when using any electrical device around water
2.
Eye Protection: I would strongly advise the wearing of safety
glasses or visor when operating any machine polisher.
3.
Ear Protection; the constant pitch of a polishing machine could
affect your hearing so wearing ear plugs would be wise to protect you from
hearing loss.
4.
Hand Protection; Gloves-
with the verity of chemicals a detailer uses on a daily basis wearing
chemical-resistant gloves resist penetration and permeation, and will provide
protection against dermatitis and chemical burns. Gloves can provide
protection, but they must be chosen with care, the proper selection matched to
the hazard is critical. Chemical-resistant gloves resist penetration and
permeation, and cam protect against dermatitis, chemical burns and corrosion.
5.
Respiratory Protection (N95): Materials such as aluminium oxide
(Aluminium oxide is on EPA's TRI list if it is a fibrous form) or silicon
carbide (Nuisance particulate-Accumulation in lungs) used in polishes and
compounds, and powdered fillers (Crystalline silica poses a serious inhalation
hazard because it can cause silicosis) and Isocyanate clear coat residue
represent a hazard to your lungs and may cause respiratory distress. Use a NIOSH-approved half face respirator
equipped with a combination filter cartridge should be worn while using them
6.
Consult the current 3M Respiratory Selection Guide for
additional information or call 1-800-243-4630 for 3M technical assistance.
7.
Material Safety Data Sheets:
Use a ring binder or other filing system to ensure the appropriate MSDS
is always available to identify hazardous substances
8.
Work Hygienic Practices: Rinse cloves under running water before
removing them
9.
Protect
yourself, work safe. As in
all things, allow common sense to prevail and proceed with due caution
Bibliography
1.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Hazardous
Substances Data Bank (HSDB, online database). National Toxicology Information
Program, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. 1993.
2.
M. Sittig. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and
Carcinogens 2nd ed. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ. 1985.
3.
The Merck Index. An Encyclopaedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and
Biological 11th ed. Ed. S. Budavari Merck and Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ 1989
4.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Risk
Information System (IRIS) on Hydrogen Chloride National Center for
Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC
1999
5.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Registry of Toxic
Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS, online database) National Toxicology
Information Program, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 1993.
6.
California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) Air Toxics
Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines: Part III. Technical Support Document for the
Determination of Noncancerous Chronic Reference Exposure Levels SRP Draft
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Berkeley, CA. 1999
7.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH). 1999 TLVs and BEIs Threshold
Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure
Indices. Cincinnati, OH. 1999.
8.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH). Pocket Guide to Chemical
Hazards. U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. Cincinnati, OH. 1997.
9.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Occupational Safety and Health Standards,
Toxic and Hazardous Substances Code of Federal Regulations 29 CFR 1910.1000
1998
10.
American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA). The AIHA 1998 Emergency Response Planning
Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook 1998
Information resource
1.
Wikipedia® Encyclopaedia
2.
Chemistry Definitions (Terminology) Hamilton
3.
Glossary of Chemical Terms - Faculty of Chemical Technology
4.
Scorecard provides detailed information on more than 11,200
chemicals
5.
Common Chemistry™ - http://www.commonchemistry.org/
6.
National Petrochemical & Refiners Association (NPRA)
7.
The Royal Society of Chemistry; Cambridge, 1995
Silicon-Containing Polymers Jones, Richard, G.
8.
The
American Solvents Council (ASC) Annual Occupational Hygiene, Vol. 40, No.6, pp.
705-710, 1996.
I would like to think that these
articles become an asset to anyone who is new to detailing and to professionals
alike, as well as industry experts who seek to advance their knowledge.
I hope the above article was
informative. By having some understanding of the ‘What’ and ‘Why’ as well as
the ‘How’ along with a little science to help you understand how the chemicals
we use react, you can achieve the results you desire.
I would appreciate it if you would share this article
as it helps other detailers further their knowledge.
Questions and/ or constructive comments are always
appreciated.
Copyright
© 2002 - 2012 TOGWT® (Established 1980) all rights reserved
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