Tuesday 31 August 2010

Paint (Solvent / Alcohol) Swelling

          

Automotive paint (urethane) is classified as a semi-permeable thermo-setting membrane; that is it moves in unison with its metal substrate, this is termed as elasticity (tensile strength and elongation) a paint surface is often subjected to high ambient temperatures, which cause a temperature swings in excess of 40.OF. A paint surface must remains flexible while retaining its tensile strength, to enable it to expand and contract, following any temperature fluctuations of the substrate, elasticity is imperative; otherwise the paint film would crack.
Some harsh solvents (especially chlorinated versions) lacquer thinner, xylene, toluene, acetone, Methyl ethyl ketone along with Butyl cellosolve will negatively impact the paints resin binder system and swell the paint substrate, this may take some time to materialize

The main risks associated with using solvents; relate to the effects of solvent on the organic binder system that holds the paint together. The more acute element of risk is that of expansion of the paint through sorption of solvent. The polymerised urethanes dried oil network may not be truly soluble, but the polymer network may expand by sorption of solvent or concentrated isopropyl alcohol molecules and sometimes silicone.

Depending on the degree of expansion, the paint will be more or less softened and its capacity to bind the pigment particles may be affected. In the swollen condition, there is a risk that pigment may be removed from the paint through the (kinetic energy (friction heat) of a foam pad and rotary action (twisting) causing the paint to tear.

OEM or freshly applied solvent-based paint once its cross- linked forms a very tight matrix; meaning it's not a porous as many people seem to think; however time and environmental damage, especially brake dust particulates that act as a conduit to the paint matrix,  cause micro pores and fissures that allow permeation.
Dependent upon the particulate size, some chemicals penetrate easily, only liquids that are smaller on a molecular level than the cross-linked paint can be absorbed; solvents and alcohol can permeate the paint causing the paint to temporarily swell hiding surface scratches and marring

Freshly Applied Paint

Freshly applied paint that in the outgas stage, is still full of evaporating solvents, and is usually less dense (soft) despite the additives used (hardener) once a catalyst, kinetic energy (friction heat) is added, it causes the paint film to expand, temporarily hiding scratches, this is often the reason for a body-shops bad reputation of returning vehicles that have sanding scratches in newly applied paint that should have been removed.

Be cognizant when polishing newly applied paint the kinetic energy (heat) from a foam pad can also cause solvent engorgement, which causes the paint film to thin due to the expansion of the evaporating gases, applied rotational force may also cause the paint to tear Kinetic friction (heat) is transferred to a solvent (IPA or fresh paint) causing it to both expand (Charles' law (also known as the law of volumes) the paint film and soften it.
Automotive paint is classified as a semi-permeable membrane; it has both tensile strength and elongation (elasticity) newly painted surfaces are soft and full of out gassing solvents, resin binders and additives, as well as and water.

Polish contains solvents, which soften the paint film, kinetic surface friction and applied downward pressure transfers its energy into heat / torque (force to rotate an object about an axis), which could result in the alteration of the paint films bond between its substrate, causing it to delaminate or tear?   

The heat makes the gasses expand (pV = nRT) the expanding gases go through a phase transition (change in density) and to relive this increased pressure they (a) rupture the paint film surface, causing small fissures (similar to solvent pop)

The heat may cause the gaseous vapours to expand, but not enough to break through the hardening clear coat.   Once the vapour has evaporated, it may leave a void between the basecoat and the clear. 
Therefore you have a cloudy spot where the clear and base is no longer adhered together. If this is the case, the clear coat will delaminate in the future.

Coatings (paint) becomes a semi-solid permeable membrane, Being a polymer (elastomers) it remains flexible while retaining its tensile strength, to enable it to expand and contract to follow temperature fluctuations of the substrate (elongation) kinetic friction and its associated heat can cause a rapid temperature rise (i.e. initial surface temp 80.oF, heat attained with a cutting foam pad at 1,100 RPM for approx. ten seconds is approx. 104.oF) the paint temperature can be checked by utilizing an instant read-out infra-red ‘gun’ thermometer, paint surface ‘spot’ temperature should be limited to <110.oF  

In accordance with the Society of The paint temperature can be checked by utilizing an instant read-out infra-red ‘gun type’ digital thermometer. In accordance with the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) a localized (spot) temperature should be limited to of 115.oF (range 105 – 145. OF.

Dependent upon paint specification, thickness, and etc) as it will cause the paint to soften and the resin binder system to eventually fail Be cognizant that with high ‘spot’ temperatures the foam pad will cause scratching that is forced deep into the clear coat.

Above >115.O F and you create what the coating industry calls "thermal stress" - those long, small cracks in the paint that looks like light scratches, but cannot be removed by buffing. This phenomenon won't show up at first, but in a year or so the cracks will be evident. (See also the first law of thermodynamics et al

Surface Filling (Drop back) / Masking Abilities

Filling or ‘drop-back’ can also be caused by the paint swelling, solvents are heated and expand, thereby temporarily covering any surface imperfections

Typically when people talk about fillers in compounds/polishes that are not removed will temporarily mask defects. Once the surface is washed the ‘filling’ will be removed, and revelling the lack of true paint correction.

This is generally termed ‘drop back’, they are generally a by-product as they are included into the formulation to provide surface lubrication (glycerine, wax, mineral oil, and etc) or silicone- based oils that are far harder to remove (but that’s another subject) These lubrication agents can leave a slight film which might help (by filling) to hide minor imperfections or swirls, but they don't bond to the paint. So once the surface wipe-down process is used they are revealed  

Depending on the manufacturers requirements the oils can be various grades, the denser the oil the harder they are to remove with a solvent-based wipe down. With these thicker, denser oils using 10% d-limonene based detergent (P21s Total Auto Wash) with the diluted isopropyl alcohol and distilled water solution will remove them

a)      Some polishes contain specific products (i.e. Kaolin (china clay) or Diatomaceous earth) that are formulated into the product to (a) burnish the paint surface (b) mask surface defects not removed by polishing (evidenced by excess dusting) (c) or to bulk up the product; this type of filler will also be removed by the IPA wipe-down(s) process

b)      Abrasive polishes once they become micro sized by friction will fill the micro fissures in the paint, acting as a filler; a simple wipe with a towel will only help to evenly spread them. This can be alleviated with an IPA wipe-down(s) process

c)      Another thing to consider is the use of high tech spray-able silicone polymers. These polymers can be applied at a car wash or used by detailers in spray waxes, quick detailers or spray wax product and can have a lasting negative impact on a paint finish by affecting the performance of compounds and polishes, much like silicone on a paint surface i.e. filling surface scratches as opposed to the polish actually removing them. A proper wipe down process will eliminate this

Typically when people talk about fillers in compounds/polishes they are a by-product as they are included into the formulation to provide surface lubrication (glycerine, wax, mineral oil, and etc) or silicone- based oils that are far harder to remove (but that’s another subject)

These lubrication agents can leave a slight film which might help (by filling) to hide minor imperfections or swirls, but they don't bond to the paint. So once the surface wipe-down process is used they are revealed. ((See also “A new perspective on paint defect return” – by Jason Rose)

Cleaning a Paint Surface with a Solvent

Sorption [: refers to the action of absorption or adsorption];

Absorption [: the incorporation of a substance in one state into another of a different state (e.g. liquids being absorbed by a solid or gases being absorbed by a liquid)].

Adsorption [:  the physical adherence or bonding of ions and molecules onto the surface of another phase (e.g. reagents adsorbed to solid catalyst surface)]

Use caution when cleaning a paint surface with a solvent as it negatively affects the binder system allowing sorption through the surface fissures (micro pores).

There are two main risks associated with using aromatic hydrocarbon solvents; both relating to the effects of solvent on the organic binder of the paint. The possible extraction (leaching) of low-molecular weight components of the paint binder by the action of the solvent and heat

The more acute element of risk in cleaning, however, is that of expansion of the paint through sorption of solvent. The polymerised urethanes dried oil network may not be truly soluble, but the polymer network may expand by sorption of solvent or concentrated alcohol molecules and silicone.

Depending on the degree of expansion, the paint will be more or less softened and its capacity to bind the pigment particles may be affected. In the swollen condition, there is a risk that pigment may be removed from the paint through the mechanical (friction) action of a foam pad.

3M™ Prep Solvent-70 (#08983) is a low VOC, water- based ‘safe’ solvent used to remove oils, wax, grease, and silicone from surfaces prior to the application of a coating.

Effectively cleans metal, primed metal and painted surfaces. Use with 3M™ Panel Wipes (#4567) the Panel Wipes have excellent absorbency and are super strength when wet or dry. They are easy to carry and are supplied in an easy to dispense box.

Isopropyl alcohol

[Anhydrous Isopropyl alcohol [Molecular formula C3H8O] for all-purpose cleaning, isopropyl alcohol, is a colourless liquid with a pleasant odour, and is highly flammable. A miscible clear fluid, Flash point 53.0F (12.0C) closed cup]

Made from 70 to 95% ethanol, or ethyl alcohol, along with water, acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and additives to give it a bitter taste, some rubbing alcohol includes perfumes or artificial colouring. Reagent Grade Isopropyl Alcohol, is a chemical grade of highest purity (99.8%) that  meets or exceeds purity standards set by the American Chemical Society (ACS) and meets essential laboratory requirements

 The term "rubbing alcohol" has become a general non-specific term for either isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) or ethyl alcohol (ethanol) Rubbing-alcohol products can leave a residue behind It is prepared from a special denatured alcohol solution and contains 97.5-100% by volume of pure, concentrated ethanol (ethyl alcohol) or isopropyl alcohol (IPA)

For less dense (soft) clear coat, the lower rate of isopropyl alcohol dilution (1:10) is recommended; conversely denser (hard) clear coats should use a higher dilution (1:25); as you increase the dilution rate of isopropyl alcohol its paint softening effect drops exponentially.

 Isopropyl alcohol is a fast evaporating solvent and at higher ambient temperatures will filly evaporate (flash) within ~30minutes at higher temperatures. At greater dilution percentages it will evaporate more slowly, bear this in mind in warmer environments.

A recommended isopropyl alcohol (IPA) dilution of 1:10-25 (10-25%) in distilled water as a ‘safe’ surface wipedown cleaning solution. The reason for this wide range is due to the variations in the clear coat paint systems

Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and or other solvents will permeate the paint, causing it to both soften and produce some swelling. Depending on the solvent (strength) and the amount of heat the degree of swelling varies. (See also “Paint (Solvent / Alcohol) Swelling”)

Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) is readily available and like acetone, it dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds. It is also relatively non-toxic and evaporates quickly. Thus it is used widely as a solvent and as a cleaning fluid [Wikipedia]

Mineral oil can be used to clean heavier oil stains by diluting and liquefying the other oils, rendering the oils more accessible to detergents.
Likewise, it can be employed to de-gum, to remove adhesive residue left by adhesive tape. Be cognizant that while it can be used as a solvent cleaner it can leave a residue, which is undesirable for paint cleaning applications.

Denatured alcohol (or Methylated spirits) - is ethanol that has additives to make it more poisonous or unpalatable, and thus, undrinkable. Do not use denatured alcohol as a substitute for Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)

Distilled water

Potable water usually contains a number of microscopic contaminants (turbidity) along with dissolved minerals such as calcium and iron. Distilled water should ideally be nothing but hydrogen and oxygen molecules and virtually all of its impurities are removed through distillation, which involves boiling the water and re-condensing the steam into a clean container (pH 6.0 – 7.5)

Any dissolved solids such as salt, bacteria, calcium or iron remain solid while the pure water converts to a much lighter steam and is drawn out for condensation, leaving most if not all solid contaminants behind. Distilled water is preferred for dilution as it’s a ‘known’ quality, unlike domestic potable water

In larger chemical and biological laboratories, as well as industry, cheaper alternatives such as deionised water are preferred over distilled water.

Application - fill a fine misting spray bottle with a 1:10 solution (Wurth Citrus Degreaser or P21S Total Auto Wash) / distilled water, and then spray the surface you have just polished and allow the solution sit for approximately 15 seconds.

Agitate the area with a clean panel wipe or a  soft 100% cotton micro fibre towel (you may need to repeat this process) change the towel to a fresh quarter after each panel to ensure oil and debris are not re-deposited and observe. This should have removed any wax or oils that may have filled any remaining swirls and show the true post-polish surface condition. If a diluted IPA solution doesn’t remove the surface oils perhaps a specific paint preparation product, i.e.  CarPro Intense Oil & Polish Cleanser or DuPont PrepSol II™ may be more suitable

Now using your surface inspection light, shine the light directly on the panel and look for fine swirls. If they are still present, you should be able to see them. If not you will see a clear bright reflection from the panel with a great shine, and clarity






Friday 27 August 2010

Using pH values to select car care products


Why pH values are not ideal criteria for the selection of car care products



Acidic and basic are two extremes that describe the chemical properties of a chemical. Mixing acids and bases can cancel out or neutralize their extreme effects. A substance that is neither acidic nor basic is neutral. The pH of distilled water is 7, this is neutral. Any solution with a pH below 7 is an acid and any solution with a pH above 7 is a base (alkali).

My point here is that, it is not possible to judge how well a product will do the job it is designed for just by measuring the pH and stronger is not always better. So, acid strength is always relative to the system you’re measuring and what materials are in danger of being dissolved or attacked by the acid pH is a measure of the relative strength of an acid but the key word is relative.
Some terms used to describe acids or basic


Neutralisation - a chemical reaction whereby an acid and a base react to form water and a salt; generally, the following occurs: acid + base → salt + water. Neutralization reactions are exothermic; giving out heat to the surroundings


Balanced pH - or neutral pH


Controlling pH - popular chemicals include calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate. The selection of an appropriate neutralization chemical depends on the particular application. pH controlled means it follows the major automotive manufacturer’s guidelines for exterior cleaners; the control limit being a pH 10.0<


Acids, Bases, and pH


There are several ways to define acids and bases, but pH only refers to hydrogen ion concentration and is only meaningful when applied to aqueous (water-based) solutions. When water dissociates it yields a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide.


Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at 25 °C (77 °F). Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are said to be basic or alkaline.


An alkaline cleaner (hand soap has a pH of between 9.0 – 10.0) is used to clean most materials used in an automobile interior, including finished leather (leather is acidic by nature). Cleaning products use surfactants and other additives (such as water softeners) so its pH is not the only criteria used (i.e. a neutralized acid wheel cleaner has a pH of 7.0, so if pH is the only criteria it should be safe to use this product on anything as pH 7 (neutral)


Another reason for non-reliance of pH values when selecting products is the use of a buffer solution , this is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid, Citric acid is a useful component of a buffer mixture. It has the property that the pH of the solution changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications.


The main priority is to ascertain the material you are trying to clean and then select a chemical that is compatible to clean it with Providing the cleaning product selected is suitable, apply product to an applicator not the area to be cleaned (the only exception to this is glass surface cleaning) apply several drops of the selected cleaning solution in an inconspicuous area and rub gently with a clean, white micro fibre towel. Do not over wet. Use small amounts of the product and blot frequently, do not rub or use too much pressure. Do not use the product if it adversely changes the material’s colour or texture.


Although soap is a good cleaning agent, its effectiveness is reduced when used in hard water. Hardness in water is caused by the presence of mineral salts - mostly those of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), but sometimes also irons (Fe) and manganese (Mn). The mineral salts react with soap to form an insoluble precipitate known as soap film or scum. Soap film does not rinse away easily. It tends to remain behind and produces visible deposits on clothing and makes fabrics feel stiff. It also attaches to the insides of bathtubs, sinks and washing machines.


Copyright © 2002-2011, TOGWT® (Established 1980) all rights reserved)

Wednesday 25 August 2010

Personal Protection (PPE) Equipment

LiabilityProtection from Potential Health Hazards


The information contained herein is believed to be true and accurate; however we make no guarantees concerning the veracity of any statement. The writer assumes no responsibility, expressed or implied, due to misuse or misinterpretation of the information or methods used, or for any vehicle damage or injury that may occur due to the suggestions and information offered.

Accuracy and Verifiability of Content

I strongly espouse the dissemination of accurate; unbiased information, verifiability of content and information quality while trying to maintain a neutral point of view and as far as possible without bias, This ensures that anything challenged or likely to be challenged, including all quotations, be attributed to a reliable source in the form of an inline citation, and that the source directly supports the material in question. By its very nature some article content is original research, which refers to material-such as facts, allegations, ideas, and stories not already verified or published, but I try to ensure that information quality and a neutral point of view is consistently maintained

I strive to present complete and accurate information. To be of real practical use, a subject like automotive detailing requires a great deal of research, and updating as new products or technologies becomes available, so the articles are updated on a regular basis as necessary from current research. From time to time there may be information that contains typographical errors, inaccuracies, or omissions (because I’m human). These are unintended and TOGWT™ reserves the right to correct any errors, inaccuracies or omissions and to change or update information at any time without prior notice.





GFCI and Extension Cord


Warning: Always use ground fault protection interruption (GFPI) when using any electrical device around water


Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter and Extension cord selection is based on two main principles. First, the cable should be able to carry the current load imposed on it without overheating. It should be able to do this in the most extreme conditions of temperature it will encounter during its working life.


Second, it should offer sufficiently sound earthing to (a) limit the voltage to which people are exposed to a safe level and (b) allow the fault current to trip the fuse or MCB in a short time. To meet these requirements requires consideration of the circuit load current (AMPS) a reasonable voltage drop, cable thickness (G) and length (feet) and the over-current protection device


Prime Wire & Cable Duplex GFCI -residual current device is also known as a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) junction Box with 6-Ft. cord, Model# GF200806 Portable GFCI duplex receptacle detects power leaks and shuts off electricity in less than a second to prevent shock. Test and reset buttons Tough jobsite box with 6-ft. 12/3 SJTW power cord UL listed, meets OSHA standards.


Prime Wire & Cable 50-Ft extension 12/3 Neon Power Cord — Blue, Model# NS514830 Bright NEON extension cord stands out for easy identification. 12 Gauge, SJTW, 3 prong cord features super-flexible vinyl jacket with a cold temperature rating of -31°F. LIGHTED connector indicates when power is on. Cord is water and flame resistant and rated at 15 amps, 125V, 1875 watts, UL listed and meets OSHA standards – Northern Tool


Eye Protection
I would strongly advise the wearing of safety glasses or visor when operating any machine polisher. The type of safety eye protection you should wear depends on the hazards in your workplace. If you are working in an area that has particles, flying objects, or dust, you must at least wear safety glasses with side protection (side shields). If you are working with chemicals, you should wear goggles. If you are working near hazardous grinding, welding or abrasive polishing; you must use special-purpose safety glasses, goggles, face shields, or helmets designed for that task.


The Wise Owl Program, sponsored by Prevent Blindness America, has recognized more than 86,000 people who avoided losing their sight in a workplace accident because they were wearing proper eye protection.


Chemical Burns to the Eye
In all cases of eye contact with chemicals:
• Immediately flush the eye with water or any other drinkable liquid. Hold the eye under a faucet or shower, or pour water into the eye using a clean container. Keep the eye open and as wide as possible while flushing. Continue flushing for at least 15 minutes.


• DO NOT use an eyecup.
• If a contact lens is in the eye, begin flushing over the lens immediately. This may wash away the lens.
• DO NOT bandage the eye.
• Seek immediate medical treatment after flushing.


Specks in the Eye
• DO NOT rub the eye
• Try to let tears wash the speck out or use eyewash.
• Try lifting the upper eyelid outward and down over the lower lid.
• If the speck does not wash out, keep the eye closed, bandage it lightly, and see a doctor


Hearing  Protection
The constant pitch of a polishing machine could affect your hearing so wearing ear plugs would be wise to protect you from hearing loss. There are mainly two types of earplugs for hearing protection:


Foam earplugs, mainly made of memory foam, which are compressed and put into the ear canal, where they expand to plug it.


Silicone earplugs, which are rolled into a ball and carefully moulded to fit over the external portion of the ear canal, providing a snug custom fit for the wearer.


Level of noise dB (A) -  Maximum daily exposure
85 -  8 hours
91 -  2 hours
97 -  30 minutes
103 -  7 minutes


Hand Protection
Barrier protection - this is the prime reason you wear gloves. With the verity of chemicals a detailer uses on a daily basis wearing chemical-resistant gloves resist penetration and permeation, and will provide protection against dermatitis and chemical burns. Gloves can provide protection, but they must be chosen with care, the proper selection matched to the hazard is critical. Chemical-resistant gloves resist penetration and permeation, and cam protect against dermatitis, chemical burns and corrosion.


Nitrile gloves vary in softness and flexibility Nitrile and latex protective gloves both come in various degrees of thickness, powdered or non-powdered, and sterile or non-sterile. Nitrile is favoured by many, primarily because so many people have latex allergies. Nitrile gloves are also more resistant to punctures, making this material suitable for many professions


1. Vinyl gloves have great strength, contain no protein or allergenic proteins however, they do not offer the same tactile properties as latex or Nitrile


2. Latex gloves, due to their high level of elasticity, comfort and dexterity and fit the user hands very well


3. Latex gloves and vinyl gloves are generally very affordable. Nitrile gloves, polyurethane gloves and other synthetic gloves are usually more costly.

Mechanics (Mechanix ) Glove - heavy duty mechanical gloves use a special fabric, unlike leather it breathes offering comfort and non slip in wet, double padding in palm for extra protection and a layer of silicon fingers tips giving extra protection.
Respiratory Protection


Anti Vibration (AV) Gloves - the range of gloves available are designed to exceed the rigorous requirements of the ISO Standard 10819 (ANSI S3.4-2002) for the absorption of vibration due to direct hand contact with vibrating equipment, machinery or hand held tools.

AV Glove Liner - can be worn alone or under standard work gloves to protect against shock and impact, Akton® padding cushions the hand and spreads vibration energy away from original point of contact, allows complete fingertip dexterity for improved control. Breathable cotton spandex body


Materials such as aluminium oxide (Aluminium oxide is on EPA's TRI list if it is a fibrous form) or silicon carbide (Nuisance particulate-Accumulation in lungs) used in polishes and compounds, and powdered fillers (Crystalline silica poses a serious inhalation hazard because it can cause silicosis) and Isocyanate clear coat residue represent a hazard to your lungs and may cause respiratory distress. Use a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge should be worn while using them


Consult the current 3M Respiratory Selection Guide for additional information or call 1-800-243-4630 for 3M technical assistance.


Material data sheets (MSDS)
Use a ring binder or other filing system to ensure the appropriate MSDS is always available to identify hazardous substances. Be aware of dangerous ingredients and request Materials Safety and Data Sheets (MSDS) from the manufacturer if there is any question.


Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is required under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard. The MSDS is a detailed informational document prepared by the manufacturer or importer of a hazardous chemical. It describes the physical and chemical properties of the product. MSDS’s contain useful information such as flash point, toxicity, procedures for spills and leaks, and storage guidelines.


Information included in a Material Safety Data Sheet aids in the selection of safe products, helps you understand the potential health and physical hazards of a chemical and describes how to respond effectively to exposure situations. Although there is an effort currently underway to standardize MSDS’s the quality of individual MSDS’s vary. A MSDS may be useful but it cannot substitute for prudent practices and comprehensive risk management.


An MSDS should be available for every chemical you use. Read these and follow the recommendations for safe use and disposal of the material. The target audience for information in a MSDS is the occupation worker who may be exposed to chemicals at work. However, much of the information is also relevant to consumers.


Read the manufacturers application instructions and then obtain and read the MSDS sheet to ascertain the chemicals used. Although it should be said that an MSDS is a document that contains details of the hazards associated with a particular chemical and provides information regarding its safe use. The MSDS is required to state the chemical's risks, safety and impact on the environment.


An MSDS is a fact sheet developed by manufacturers describing the chemical properties of a product. Material Safety Data Sheets include brand-specific information such as physical data (solid, liquid, colour, melting point, flash point, etc.), health effects, first aid, reactivity, storage, handling, disposal, personal protection and spill/leak procedures.


How to Read a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/co/maho/gemare/gemare_012.cfm


Chemical Information (MSDS) A-Z- http://www.ehso.com/msds.php


Definitions of Terms Used in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) - http://www.ehso.com/msdsdefs.php


Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
Each CAS registry number (often referred to as CAS #) is a unique numeric identifier that designates only one substance; it has no specific chemical significance, but is a link to a wealth of information about a specific chemical substance. Since CAS Registry Numbers are not dependent upon any system of chemical nomenclature, they can provide a reliable common link between the various nomenclatures terms used to describe substances. And serve as an international resource for chemical substance identifiers used by scientists, industry, and regulatory bodies


Environmental Commitment
Contamination of surface waters arises from the rinseate discharging to storm drains, which in turn most commonly drain to rivers and lakes. Chief pollutants include phosphates; cleaning chemicals (degreasers, etc) oil and grease. This is almost exclusively an issue for home/driveway washing. You should never assume that aqueous solutions can be disposed of untreated via the storm drainage system. Pending regulations are in place (Clean Water Act and Ground Water Pollution) to limit the amount of contaminated water that is allowed to be discharged into storm water systems (i.e. street vehicle washing)


Always dispose of all non-biodegradable materials from your vehicle cleaning in a responsible manner. Waste run-off must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.


Disposal of Aqueous Solutions
One should never assume that aqueous solutions can be disposed of down the drain. Your local water treatment authority or publicly owned treatment works will have information on treatment and disposal of these cleaners. Adjustment of pH and dilution are usually required before disposal to a drain. Always comply with current water usage and disposal regulations / water usage restrictions.


A car care product may be biodegradable and environmentally safe but just remember the dirt, oil and road grease you are cleaning with it are not, once rinsed off the vehicle paint surface the resultant solution is no longer biodegradable and environmentally safe


Bibliography
1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH®) publications
2. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Regulations & Compliance Links
3. Handbook of Hearing and the Effects of Noise, K.D. Kryter


Information resource
1. Wikipedia® Encyclopaedia
2. Automotive Detailing Inside & Out; a Knowledge Base for the Perfectionist", by Jon Miller
3. TOGWT™ Series of Detailing Articles, by Jon Miller


Copyright © TOGWT ™ Ltd (Established 1980) 2002-2010, all rights reserved

This is one of is one of a series of unbiased and informative, knowledge based, subject specific articles, which are dedicated to the automotive detailing enthusiast or professional detailer in search of development and further education All original material is copyright, unless otherwise stated (1) it may be copied and distributed for non-commercial purposes only provided that you retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained in the original material, (2) the information is copied in full with no changes unless prior written agreement is obtained from TOGWT™, and a reference to © TOGWT ™ is included, any unauthorized use of these materials may violate copyright laws and/or trademarks.

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Detailing Articles

Tuesday 24 August 2010

Ultra violet (UV) Radiation



Ultra violet (UV) radiation is known to contribute to the chemical modification of exposed paint surfaces resulting in loss of gloss, colour change, chalking, flaking and eventually destruction of the clear coat paint film by oxidation UVR protection is a sacrificial / renewable component; this is due to the UV protection layer (stabilizers) being degraded by exposure to the elements (sun, sand, road or sea salt, and etc) it is also water miscible, so it is imperative that you renew it and needs to be re-applied on a regular basis (dependent upon location climatic condition)


There is no such thing as a permanent UV stabilizer, it a matter of physics, not chemistry. Ultra violet protection is a sacrificial and necessarily renewable protection. Acrylic polymers and polyurethane polymer are slow to absorb UV light and accordingly very resistant to photo degradation.


Ultra violet (UV) Protection


To determine a sunscreen's sun protection factor (SPF) testers chose 20 sun-sensitive people and measure the amount of UV rays it takes them to burn without sunscreen. Then they redo the test with sunscreen. The "with sunscreen" number is divided by the "without sunscreen" number, and the result is rounded down to the nearest five. This is the sun protection factor (SPF)


Some car care manufacturers are using an SPF number to rate the ultra violet (UV) protection of their paint protection products, I would be interested as to how these numbers were arrived at.


UVR protection is a sacrificial / renewable component; this is due to the UV protection layer being degraded by exposure to the elements (sun, sand, road or sea salt, and etc) it is also water miscible, so it is imperative that you renew it and needs to be re-applied on a regular basis (dependent upon location climatic condition)


There is no such thing as a permanent UV stabilizer, it a matter of physics, not chemistry. Acrylic polymers and polyurethane polymer are slow to absorb UV light and accordingly very resistant to photo degradation.


Modern cars are being designed with inherent protection features, oordinary car window glass filters out about 97% of the UV-B radiation and about 37% of UV-A radiation, modern clear coat paint contains UV inhibitors, but these features do not offer full protection.


Infrared Radiation


Dependent upon interior colour - at a 90.oF ambient; Interior (Light) 104 - 135.oF (Dark) 220 – 275.oF,
Steering wheel – 160.oF - Dashboard 182.oF - Seats 165.oF Dependent upon colour and material used, actual results may vary depending on time in sun, make of car, size of windows and direction in which car is parked.


Represents part of the ultra violet solar spectrum (approximately 55%-60%). The remaining heat source comes from visible and ultra violet (UV) light. Heat alone will not cause photosynthesis (fading) UVB radiation is what is responsible, although it will dry the resin (binder system) in paint; leading to oxidation. It will also dry out the oils and plasticizers in vinyl and other materials and may lead to structural damage


UV Stabilizers


Ultra violet stabilizers are a group of chemical agents with the ability to counteract or neutralize the harmful effects of UV light? Competitive absorbers provide protection by converting UV light to heat so it can dissipate harmlessly. Other UV stabilizers work differently, but all UV stabilizers are consumed as they do their job. In a way, they serve as sacrificial molecules, taking the abuse from the UV light instead of the material they are protecting.


Two important points:


1. UV protection is a sacrificial / renewable component; this is due to the UV protection layer being degraded by exposure to the elements (sun, sand, road or sea salt, and etc) so it is imperative that you renew it or your surfaces will degrade.


2. UVR stabilizers have to be periodically renewed or replenished if continuing protection is to be achieved, there is no such thing as a permanent UV stabilizer, it a matter of physics, not chemistry.


Infrared Radiation


Dependent upon interior colour - at a 90.oF ambient; Interior (Light) 104 - 135.oF (Dark) 220 – 275.oF,
Steering wheel – 160.oF - Dashboard 182.oF - Seats 165.oF Dependent upon colour and material used, actual results may vary depending on time in sun, make of car, size of windows and direction in which car is parked.


Represents part of the ultra violet solar spectrum (approximately 55%-60%). The remaining heat source comes from visible and ultra violet (UV) light. Heat alone will not cause photosynthesis (fading) UVB radiation is what is responsible, although it will dry the resin (binder system) in paint; leading to oxidation. It will also dry out the oils and plasticizers in vinyl and other materials and may lead to structural damage

Information resource



1. Wikipedia® Encyclopaedia


2. Automotive Detailing Inside & Out; a Knowledge Base for the Perfectionist", by Jon Miller


3. TOGWT™ Series of Detailing Articles, by Jon Miller




Copyright © 2002-2010, TOGWT ™ Ltd (Established 1980) all rights reserved





Detailing Articles


This is one of is one of a series of unbiased and informative, knowledge based, subject specific articles, which are dedicated to the automotive detailing enthusiast or professional detailer in search of development and further education All original material is copyright, unless otherwise stated (1) it may be copied and distributed for non-commercial purposes only provided that you retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained in the original material, (2) the information is copied in full with no changes unless prior written agreement is obtained from TOGWT™, and a reference to © TOGWT ™ is included, any unauthorized use of these materials may violate copyright laws and/or trademarks.


Copyright Protection


And intellectual property rights-© This work is registered with the UK Copyright Service that supports international copyright protection by securing independent evidence that will help prove originality and ownership in any future claims or disputes. All intellectual property is the sole property of TOGWT™. If you have made unauthorized use of our material before reading this page, please email information@togwt.com before we discover unauthorized use ourselves. You can always repair this situation before we need to escalate the problem. We use automated web-crawlers (Copyscape) so they can be traced to any website on the internet if needed in a legal confrontation


Consent


If you are seeking permission to use any of TOGWT copyrighted articles please contact us before using any. We prosecute for breach of any of these conditions: If anyone is found to be using our copyrighted designs or articles from our website www.togwt.com or associated websites, we will prosecute to the full extent of the law and have done so successfully in the past

Tuesday 10 August 2010

The Health Hazards of Detailing

Liability



The information contained herein is believed to be true and accurate; however we make no guarantees concerning the veracity of any statement. The writer assumes no responsibility, expressed or implied, due to misuse or misinterpretation of the information or methods used, or for any vehicle damage or injury that may occur due to the suggestions and information offered.


Accuracy and Verifiability of Content


I strongly espouse the dissemination of accurate; unbiased information, verifiability of content and information quality while trying to maintain a neutral point of view and as far as possible without bias, This ensures that anything challenged or likely to be challenged, including all quotations, be attributed to a reliable source in the form of an inline citation, and that the source directly supports the material in question. By its very nature some article content is original research, which refers to material-such as facts, allegations, ideas, and stories not already verified or published, but I try to ensure that information quality and a neutral point of view is consistently maintained


I strive to present complete and accurate information. To be of real practical use, a subject like automotive detailing requires a great deal of research, and updating as new products or technologies becomes available, so the articles are updated on a regular basis as necessary from current research. From time to time there may be information that contains typographical errors, inaccuracies, or omissions (because I’m human). These are unintended and TOGWT™ reserves the right to correct any errors, inaccuracies or omissions and to change or update information at any time without prior notice.

Article Revisions / Updates


The advent of new materials like detailing clay, micro fibre, polymer coating, nano-particle technologies and new micro abrasives are examples of why it’s so important to monitor the industries new products, chemical technologies and ideas that are constantly being introduced, as are the techniques for applying them, hence all of the in-depth articles will be up-dated and revised on a regular basis.


Automotive coating technology is becoming more and more complex requiring educated and skilled technicians to work on them. As the materials used are constantly changing we must maintain our knowledge base and adopt our methodologies to keep up with emerging technologies


Article Revisions / Updates



To be of real practical use, a subject like automotive detailing requires a great deal of research, and updating as new products become available. The advent of materials like detailing clay, micro fibre technologies and finely milled micro diminishing abrasives, suitable for ceramic nanotechnology paints are examples of why it’s so important to monitor the industries new products, chemical technologies and ideas that are constantly being introduced, as are the techniques for applying them, hence all of the in-depth articles will be up-dated and revised on a regular basis


Detailing Health Risks


This is only a brief summary of some of the health hazards and risks to your Health & Safety while detailing


1. Polishing


To remove scratches requires the removal of paint using a polish or compound. Dust generated by sanding and buffing is a major risk. The most common abrasive used is silica, which is much, much harder than aluminium oxide; however, many formulators are also using aluminium oxide. Most good quality compounds and polishes contain abrasives and are a combination of both silica and aluminium oxide.


a) Quartz sand (silica) Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica dust in very small quantities (OSHA allows 0.1 mg/m3) over time can lead to silicosis, bronchitis, or cancer, as the dust becomes lodged in the lungs and continuously irritates them, reducing lung capacities. (Silica does not dissolve over time.)


b) Aluminium oxide is used for its hardness and strength. It is widely used as a coarse or fine abrasive


c) Isocyanates used in clear coat paint are powerful irritants to the mucous membranes of the eyes and gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Direct skin contact can also cause marked inflammation. Isocyanates can also sensitize workers, making them subject to severe asthma attacks if they are exposed again. Death from severe asthma in some sensitized subjects has been reported.


Respiratory Protection (N95): Materials such as aluminium oxide (Aluminium oxide is on EPA's TRI list if it is a fibrous form) or silicon carbide (Nuisance particulate-Accumulation in lungs) used in polishes and compounds, and powdered fillers (Crystalline silica poses a serious inhalation hazard because it can cause silicosis). They represent a hazard to your lungs and may cause respiratory distress. A NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge should be worn while using them


2. Noise Levels


An expert on noise, K.D. Kryter (1996) in his text, Handbook of Hearing and the Effects of Noise, (New York Academic Press) defined noise as "acoustic signals which can negatively affect the physiological or psychological well-being of an individual."


Basically, noise is unwanted sound. It is a pollutant and a hazard to human health and hearing. In fact, it has been described as the most pervasive pollutant in America.


Makita high sped rotary polisher at 1500 rpm (speed 3) - 76 dB A


Porter Cable 7424XP Dual Action Polisher at speed 6 – 45 dB A


Ear Protection; the constant pitch of a polishing machine could affect your hearing so wearing ear plugs would be wise to protect you from hearing loss.


Safety hazards - always remember that you are using a power tool that must be given the respect it deserves. As with running any power tool, read the manual and understand how to safely operate it and what its limits are and the potential dangers that could result by using it. Never forget for a moment that given the right conditions, it could kick back and jump out of your hands. Always wear safety glasses and hearing protection. Also, polishing compounds often contain silicates that become airborne in the polishing process, inhaled they could represent real health concerns. Read the safety data sheets and follow safety directions. Personally, I almost always wear glasses, hearing protection, a quality dust filter or mask and a buffing apron when buffing


3. Asbestos


One of the problems encountered when working on older cars is asbestos. In the years before the dangers of asbestosis were understood, asbestos was a common material used in certain car components. It is therefore essential to have an understanding of what you are dealing with, before diving in and pulling your classic car apart.


Perhaps the most obvious and well known area to be careful with is brake dust, specifically the dust that falls out of your brake drum when checking the shoes for wear etc. Great care must be taken not to inhale the dust that can drop out when the brake drum is freed off.


4. The dangers of Auto paints

At one time, VOC's (volatile organic compounds) were required for paint and finishes to perform properly. Such paints could contain up to 10,000 chemicals, of which approximately 300 were toxins, and 150 were linked to kidney damage, liver damage, or cancer


Lead pigments have been used for many years in auto enamels and lacquers. Lead is a poisonous substance to animals. It damages the nervous system and causes brain disorders. Lead pigments were used in lead paint for white as well as yellow, orange, and red. Most uses have been discontinued due of the dangers of lead poisoning. However, lead chromate is still in industrial use.


For older cars, the refinish industry can only provide accurate colour matches to vehicles that currently have paint containing lead on them by using the same lead-based pigments. By the mid-1980s, a significant shift in lead end-use patterns had taken place. If you are using these products you should be careful when sanding-down old paints. Some older cars may also contain lead auto-body filler.


Aerosol Spray Paint - many of the paints sold in aerosol cans as touch-up paints contain lead. These are used by car owners to camouflage small areas of paint chip damage.


5. Lead in Gasoline (Petrol)


Tetraethyllead (TEL) a colourless, viscous liquid was once used extensively as a gasoline additive for its ability to increase the fuel's octane rating.TEL remains an ingredient of 100 octane aviation fuel (avgas) for propeller planes (not jet engines) and until recently in professional racing. NASCAR in 1998 switched to unleaded fuel after years of research and when blood tests of NASCAR teams revealed elevated levels of the metal. TEL usage was largely discontinued because of the toxicity of lead


6. Solvents


Most organic solvents are flammable or highly flammable, depending on their volatility. Many organic solvents are recognized by NIOSH as carcinogens (e.g., benzene, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene), reproductive hazards (e.g., 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-methoxyethanol, methyl chloride), and neurotoxins (e.g., n-hexane, tetrachloroethylene, toluene).


There are three main types:


1. Oxygenated Solvents- alcohols, glycol ethers, ketones, esters, and glycol ether esters. Oxygenated solvents are synthesized from other chemicals to form the desired solvent. Those solvents are typically of a high purity with specifications ranging from 99.0% to 99.9% purity.


2. Hydrocarbon Solvents (Petroleum Distillates) - aliphatic (include methane, propane, and kerosene, they are flammable and may be explosively flammable).


3. Aromatic hydrocarbons- are the most toxic compounds found in petroleum products and include such substances as para-xylene, benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene, which are all volatile organic compounds (VOC)


Notes- when using solvents always use Nitrile medical gloves (usually the blue or purple ones) if you are going to be using them for any length of time


7. Acid Cleaners


Used as a wheel surface cleaner Ammonium hydrogen fluoride (NH4HF2) Or Ammonium bifluoride SiO2 (BF) is miss-classified as the safe alternative to hydrogen fluoride, once mixed with water it becomes hydrogen fluoride one of the most common, and dangerous, acid wheel cleaners used in automatic carwashes today.


Its effectiveness removing brake dust and difficult contaminants from wheels is undisputed, but most chemists say Ammonium bifluoride presents an unjustifiable and potentially lethal risk. (See article Detailing Chemicals Identification)


The first line of defence is the products MSDS, obtain one before you use any product, the second line of defence is to use the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as protection from potential health hazards. And the most important line of defence is to allow common sense to prevail and proceed with due caution


Material data sheets (MSDS)


Be aware of dangerous ingredients and request Materials Safety and Data Sheets (MSDS) from the manufacturer if there is any question.


Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is required under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard. The MSDS is a detailed informational document prepared by the manufacturer or importer of a hazardous chemical.


It describes the physical and chemical properties of the product. MSDS’s contain useful information such as flash point, toxicity, procedures for spills and leaks, and storage guidelines.


Information included in a Material Safety Data Sheet aids in the selection of safe products, helps you understand the potential health and physical hazards of a chemical and describes how to respond effectively to exposure situations. Although there is an effort currently underway to standardize MSDS’s the quality of individual MSDS’s vary. A MSDS may be useful but it cannot substitute for prudent practices and comprehensive risk management.


An MSDS should be available for every chemical you use. Read these and follow the recommendations for safe use and disposal of the material. The target audience for information in a MSDS is the occupation worker who may be exposed to chemicals at work. However, much of the information is also relevant to consumers.


Read the manufacturers application instructions and then obtain and read the MSDS sheet to ascertain the chemicals used. Although it should be said that an MSDS is a document that contains details of the hazards associated with a particular chemical and provides information regarding its safe use. The MSDS is required to state the chemical's risks, safety and impact on the environment.


An MSDS is a fact sheet developed by manufacturers describing the chemical properties of a product. Material Safety Data Sheets include brand-specific information such as physical data (solid, liquid, colour, melting point, flash point, etc.), health effects, first aid, reactivity, storage, handling, disposal, personal protection and spill/leak procedures.


How to Read a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/co/maho/gemare/gemare_012.cfm


Chemical Information (MSDS) A-Z- http://www.ehso.com/msds.php


Definitions of Terms Used in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) - http://www.ehso.com/msdsdefs.php


Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)


Each CAS registry number (often referred to as CAS #) is a unique numeric identifier that designates only one substance; it has no specific chemical significance, but is a link to a wealth of information about a specific chemical substance. Since CAS Registry Numbers are not dependent upon any system of chemical nomenclature, they can provide a reliable common link between the various nomenclatures terms used to describe substances. And serve as an international resource for chemical substance identifiers used by scientists, industry, and regulatory bodies


Environmental Commitment


Contamination of surface waters arises from the rinseate discharging to storm drains, which in turn most commonly drain to rivers and lakes. Chief pollutants include phosphates; cleaning chemicals (degreasers, etc) oil and grease. This is almost exclusively an issue for home/driveway washing. You should never assume that aqueous solutions can be disposed of untreated via the storm drainage system. Pending regulations are in place (Clean Water Act and Ground Water Pollution) to limit the amount of contaminated water that is allowed to be discharged into storm water systems (i.e. street vehicle washing)


Always dispose of all non-biodegradable materials from your vehicle cleaning in a responsible manner. Waste run-off must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.


Disposal of Aqueous Solutions


One should never assume that aqueous solutions can be disposed of down the drain. Your local water treatment authority or publicly owned treatment works will have information on treatment and disposal of these cleaners. Adjustment of pH and dilution are usually required before disposal to a drain. Always comply with current water usage and disposal regulations / water usage restrictions.


A car care product may be biodegradable and environmentally safe but just remember the dirt, oil and road grease you are cleaning with it are not, once rinsed off the vehicle paint surface the resultant solution is no longer biodegradable and environmentally safe


Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)


Protection from Potential Health Hazards


1. Warning: Always use ground fault protection interruption (GFPI) when using any electrical device around water


2. Eye Protection: I would strongly advise the wearing of safety glasses or visor when operating any machine polisher.


3. Ear Protection; the constant pitch of a polishing machine could affect your hearing so wearing ear plugs would be wise to protect you from hearing loss.


4. Hand Protection; Gloves- with the verity of chemicals a detailer uses on a daily basis wearing chemical-resistant gloves resist penetration and permeation, and will provide protection against dermatitis and chemical burns. Gloves can provide protection, but they must be chosen with care, the proper selection matched to the hazard is critical. Chemical-resistant gloves resist penetration and permeation, and cam protect against dermatitis, chemical burns and corrosion.


5. Respiratory Protection (N95): Materials such as aluminium oxide (Aluminium oxide is on EPA's TRI list if it is a fibrous form) or silicon carbide (Nuisance particulate-Accumulation in lungs) used in polishes and compounds, and powdered fillers (Crystalline silica poses a serious inhalation hazard because it can cause silicosis) and Isocyanate clear coat residue represent a hazard to your lungs and may cause respiratory distress. Use a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge should be worn while using them


6. Consult the current 3M Respiratory Selection Guide for additional information or call 1-800-243-4630 for 3M technical assistance.


7. Material Safety Data Sheets: Use a ring binder or other filing system to ensure the appropriate MSDS is always available to identify hazardous substances


8. Work Hygienic Practices: Rinse cloves under running water before removing them


9. Protect yourself, work safe. As in all things, allow common sense to prevail and proceed with due caution


GFCI and Extension Cord


Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter and Extension cord selection is based on two main principles. First, the cable should be able to carry the current load imposed on it without overheating. It should be able to do this in the most extreme conditions of temperature it will encounter during its working life.


Second, it should offer sufficiently sound earthing to (a) limit the voltage to which people are exposed to a safe level and (b) allow the fault current to trip the fuse or MCB in a short time. To meet these requirements requires consideration of the circuit load current (AMPS) a reasonable voltage drop, cable thickness (G) and length (feet) and the over-current protection device


Prime Wire & Cable Duplex GFCI -residual current device is also known as a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) junction Box with 6-Ft. cord, Model# GF200806 Portable GFCI duplex receptacle detects power leaks and shuts off electricity in less than a second to prevent shock. Test and reset buttons Tough jobsite box with 6-ft. 12/3 SJTW power cord UL listed, meets OSHA standards.


Prime Wire & Cable 50-Ft extension 12/3 Neon Power Cord — Blue, Model# NS514830 Bright NEON extension cord stands out for easy identification. 12 Gauge, SJTW, 3 prong cord features super-flexible vinyl jacket with a cold temperature rating of -31°F. LIGHTED connector indicates when power is on. Cord is water and flame resistant and rated at 15 amps, 125V, 1875 watts, UL listed and meets OSHA standards – Northern Tool


Wire Resistance and Voltage Drop Calculator - http://www.stealth316.com/2-wire-resistance.htm


Information resource


1. Wikipedia® Encyclopaedia


2. Automotive Detailing Inside & Out; a Knowledge Base for the Perfectionist", by Jon Miller


3. TOGWT™ Series of Detailing Articles, by Jon Miller




TOGWT ™ Ltd (Established 1980) © Copyright 2002-2010, all rights reserved



Detailing Articles


This is one of is one of a series of unbiased and informative, knowledge based, subject specific articles, which are dedicated to the automotive detailing enthusiast or professional detailer in search of development and further education All original material is copyright, unless otherwise stated (1) it may be copied and distributed for non-commercial purposes only provided that you retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained in the original material, (2) the information is copied in full with no changes unless prior written agreement is obtained from TOGWT™, and a reference to © TOGWT ™ is included, any unauthorized use of these materials may violate copyright laws and/or trademarks.


Copyright Protection


And intellectual property rights-© This work is registered with the UK Copyright Service that supports international copyright protection by securing independent evidence that will help prove originality and ownership in any future claims or disputes. All intellectual property is the sole property of TOGWT™. If you have made unauthorized use of our material before reading this page, please email information@togwt.com before we discover unauthorized use ourselves. You can always repair this situation before we need to escalate the problem. We use automated web-crawlers (Copyscape) so they can be traced to any website on the internet if needed in a legal confrontation


Consent


If you are seeking permission to use any of TOGWT copyrighted articles please contact us before using any. We prosecute for breach of any of these conditions: If anyone is found to be using our copyrighted designs or articles from our website www.togwt.com or associated websites, we will prosecute to the full extent of the law and have done so successfully in the past